ch 23 (Renaissance Instruments and Instrumental Music)

*one of the largest sources of Renaissance organ music; written about 1470, it contains 256 mostly anonymous compositions
*most are arrangements of sacred and secular vocal music
*written in keyboard tablature, a combination of note symbols (for the fast-moving upper part) and pitch letter names (for the lower parts)
*for the first time we see bar lines in music (not always consistent, but generally mark off units of equal duration); this is much earlier than when bar lines appear in vocal music
*Buxheim=the site of a monastery that still exists todaynear Munich in southern Germany

a combination of note symbols (for the fast-moving upper part) and pitch letter names (for the lower parts)

a keyboard instrument that makes sound when a player depresses a key and thereby pushes a small metal tangent in the shape of a “T” upward to strike a string; the sound produced is very quiet, the softest of any musical instrument; but also the most expensive instrument

an ensemble of instruments all of one family

*an arrangement of a vocal or ensemble piece for keyboard, lute, or other plucked-string instruments
(earliest intabulation appeared in the mid-14th century Robertsbridge Codex

an imaginative composition the exact nature of which depends on the period of origin; in earlier eras these were usually contrapuntal works; later, the term suggested an improvisatory piece in free form, or sometimes pieces incorporating preexisting themes

*a pear-shaped instrument with six sets of strings called courses, as well as frets created with thin strips of leather wrapped around the fingerboard at measured intervals, and a distinctive peg box that turns back at a right angle to the fingerboard; *during the sixteenth century the most popular of all musical instruments

a special type of notation for lute music that directs the fingers to stop strings at specific frets so as to produce sounds

a preliminary piece, one that comes immediately before and introduces the main musical event

(sixteenth century) an instrumental piece, usually for lute or keyboard, similar in style to the imitative motet; (seventeenth century) Frescobaldi perfected a tightly organized, monothematic ricercar that influenced the later fugal writing of J.S. Bach

*a six-string instrument fretted and tuned like the lute and vihuela, but bowed and not plucked;
*it came in three sizes-treble, tenor, and bass- and was played with the instrument resting on the lap or legs
*considered the aristocrat (while the violin was considered only for lowly professional musicians who labored playing for students at dancing lessons, at street parades, and in taverns)

a diminutive harpsichord possessing a single keyboard with the strings placed at right angles to the keys

a mixed ensemble of different types of instruments

a freely composed instrumental piece, usually for organ or instrumental ensemble, which imitated the lively rhythms and lightly imitative style of the Parisian chanson

a plucked string instrument with a waisted body, and a long pole-neck that serves as a fingerboard; the direct ancestor of the modern classical guitar

(little viol) original name for the violin

*keyboard instrument
*first widely introduced into churches only during the late Middle Ages (14th)
*embodiments of the newest technology in metallurgy and scientific measurement
*for this reason, organs were usually put in the people’s part of the church at the back (west end), where they could be seen and heard by all
*by the 16th, many churches in Europe had two organs,a large “show” organ at the back and a smaller one in the area of the church called the choir (east end)

*first appeared in northern Italy around 1520 in towns such as Cremona (which became the center of violin building)
*thought to be low class during the renaissance