Renaissance

Trade, Travel, and Education

Painting the Sistine Chapel and his marble sculptures that show his ability in realistic masterpieces

Moveable type printing press

Giorgione a skilled fresco artist

Nuremberg, Germany

Beautiful woodcuts and engravings

Named Italy’s court painter under HRE Charles V and appointed by Charles V a knight

Galen

On he Structure of the Human Body, the 1st modern medical textbook

On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres by: Nicolaus Copernicus, his idea went against the Catholic Church belief that God put humans in the center of the universe

Supporter of: art, scholarship, CC’s voyages, unified Spain with Ferdinand of Aragon

sonnets

human behavior and emotions

authorizing English trading in companies in other continents

Don Quixote

artist, architect, engineer

North Africa, he was a slave, until his family came to get him

Michelangelo

bad temper, (mother died at 6, dad was stern) became an apprentice to a painter in Florence at 13, Age 15 studied with a sculptor who worked for the Medici family, where he met thinkers, artists, and writers

art= idealistic beauty with expressive emotion, Sistine Chapel ceiling (took 4 years to paint the ceiling with bright scenes from the Bible

Embracing the body of Jesus on her lap

1. 17 ft with idealistic beauty and an intense look of youth about to go into battle 2. A strong powerful Moses holding the 10 commandments

Titian

Sent to Venice as an apprentice with famous painters, studied examples of art from Rome and Florence, soon created his own style (after he became rich, he convinced patrons to support his art by claiming to be poor) -persuasive – generous

Earlier style: precise Later style: free Used blobs of paint to create vivid forms, colors, and texture
1516: official painter of Venice

Color, lively brushwork that made pictures lifelike , expressed human personality; his art depicted scenes of myths and Bible stories, portraits of the rich and powerful (ex. HRE Charles V)

-son of a goldsmith, learned his father’s trade -became an apprentice at 15 (of a painter/printmaker) -studied math, Latin, and classic literature -met humanists while traveling through Germany, Italy, and Flanders – studied classical sculpting to learn ideal human proportions

fashionable, confident, with an intellectual approach to life and art (asked himself what is beauty, his art reflected an answer)

-blended the detailed style of Germany with the perspective and idealized beauty he learned from Italy -encouraged the study of math as a key understanding to the Ren. and classical art

religious figures and subjects from myths, like other, he mad portraits of powerful people

HRE Maximilian, his work admired his engravings and woodcuts, they set a new standard for printmaking because of their clarity, expressiveness, and fine detail

Nicolaus Copernicus

Age 10, his father died , his uncle (a Catholic bishop) became his guardian and assured him a good education. Attended university of Krakow (Poland) -Highly creative -free thinker -unafraid to question accepted beliefs

studied medicine and Church law in Italy, and rented a room from an astronomy teacher and soon became fascinated by astronomy

Talent: skilled in math and observation, based his thinking on what he saw instead of what he though he should see

Although, he was taught Earth was the center of the universe, he proposed Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun, and Earth rotates on an axis.

1514: printed a booklet on his theory, “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” Although, the idea of the Earth traveling around the Sun went against the Catholic belief. 1616: The Church forbade people to read his book

Andreas Vesalius

Always been interested in anatomy -Hardworking, curious, and confident -gloomy/distant sometimes

-Raised by doctors and pharmacists -Went to Universities in: Italy, Belgium, and France -1537: medical degree in anatomy -Personal doctor to Italian and Spanish royalty

-Observant -independent thinker -artistic skill (to make detailed drawings of observations)

The human anatomy was the same as animal anatomy

By dissecting dead human bodies, he proved animal anatomy was different from human, which caused Galen’s theory to have many errors. -AV found the heart had 4 chambers

Wrote: On the Structures of the Human Body, 7 volume first modern medical textbook. Explained the body’s functions with prints based on his drawings. Changed the way people studied the human body and their understanding of medicine

Isabella I

-Strong willed -highly intelligent -Catholic -supported art and scholarship -collected fine paintings and built schools -forceful and brave ruler

Daughter of Castile’s king, with limited education she taught herself Latin

Marries Prince Ferdinand of Aragon

Becomes queen of Castile

Ferdinand inherits the throne of Aragon , both isabella

From giving her support to Christopher Columbus (who proposes to find a new route to Asia) who sails across the Atlantic to the Americas, his discovery of the New World led to a Spanish Empire

By trying to unify Spain as a Catholic country, Jews who didn’t convert had to leave, many talented and productive citizens were gone

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth’s Training

-Gifted -Highly Educated -Fluent in Greek, Latin, French, Italian -strong minded -open to advice -knew what was best for the people of England (never married because she felt she was married to the people of England)

Worked to strengthen England’s economy -showed political skill in balancing different interests of people in her court

Reigned until her death, considered the Golden Age (culture thrived) She supported: theater, fashion, literature, dance, and education. Poets and playwrights composed their greatest works during her reign. Her funding of sea exploration helped gain territory in North America

The English Navy beat the Spanish Armada , the victory sparked a national celebration and strengthened England’s sea power

William Shakespeare

Studied Latin and classic literature, never went to a university. Became an actor with a theater company in London, learned about drama by performing and writing plays. Most of his were performed at London’s Globe Theater

-Quiet and Mysterious -his writings convey him as curious and observant -thought deeply about life and its sufferings -also had a sense of humor

-skilled actor -better poet/playwright -used rhetoric for thoughts and feelings -used vivid character, exciting drama

Sonnets and 38 plays are most admired poetry -wrote tragedy and comedy 0many of his plays are still performed in tv series and movies

Wrote about timeless themes; cover a broad range of subjects

Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, All’s Well That Ends Well, The Merchant of Venice

-had a deep influence on future writers -left a mark in the English language (ex. much ado about nothing)

Miguel Cervantes

-little is known about his education -became a soldier at 23

-loved to read -courageous and adventureous -biting sense of humor, that he sometimes turned on himself

In a battle on sea, he was shot twice and his left hand was useless.

-Gifted writer: plays, poems, novels, and satire

Makes fun of romantic stories of knights as well as Spanish society. Don Quixote (character) read too many tales of knights, knowing he is too old to be a knight he suites up in armor and sets out to do noble deeds . His sidekick: Sensho Panza a farmer who rides a mule is Don’s faithful squire. Together they have comic adventures, in Don’s imagination: hotels are castles and windmills are giants. Although, it is funny, he is still noble in the way he fights (even if it is his imagination)

Don Quixote became very popular in Spain (King Phillip III) Considered a masterpiece in world literature

Leonardo da Vinci

-in Florence under a master sculptor/painter -spent his life in Florence and Milan working as an artist, engineer, and architect for kings, popes, and other wealthy people

-special love for animals -bought caged animals at the market and set them free -vegetarian -his notebooks show him to be one of the most creative minds in the world

-studied principles of geometry, mechanics, and the science of motion and force to help organize space in his paintings

-designed weapons, buildings (helicopter/submarine) that were WAY ahead of his time – displays a remarkable use of perspective, balance, and detail -rich effects of shade and color, showed his study of light -inspired other artists like Michelangelo

Central Europe

Central Italy, small part of the bottom of the HRE

West

Southwest

North (island in the North Sea)

Italy

HRE

France (Sien River)

HRE

Spain

England (Thames River)

HRE (Rhine River)

Hungary (Danube River)

Border of HRE

Southern France

moved the Church from the Papal States to Avignon, France

revival of the classical period’s culture as well as improvements

Merchants and Crusaders brought back ideas and goods from the East (classical learning was preserved from the Byz. empire)

The Church kept knowledge of ancient times alive by copying books that survived from classical times

Europeans also read classical works that came by way of Muslim scholars (Moorishes)

importance of ordinary people , civic leaders, gods and goddesses

teach religion to people who were illiterate

Show importance of people and nature (not just religious ideas)

-faces had no emotion -bodies look in motion -nude or in togas/robes – valued balance and harmony -heroic real people doing daily tasks

-religious -important figures were bigger than those around them -stiff -fully dressed -faces were stiff -flat – background one color -inproprtional

-religious or non religious -interest in nature -realistic or 3-D -shows increase in knowledge ( anatomy) – bodies in motion -faces were expressive -colors responded to light -symmetrical -full background showed perspective and depth

increase of wealth=art/learning rich families supported art and new buildings (universities, libraries, and hospitals)

Growing trade= more classical text, art, and artifacts on trade routes= more interest in classical culture. Money currency= wealth for merchants and bankers= new buildings and beautiful cities

Question everything, changed ideas about government, social class, and religion. New study techniques and inventions put ancient ideas into practice while still improving on them.

conquests made it safe to travel along the Silk Road. Marco Polo’s travels sparked a greater interest in the East and helped encourage the transport of food, art, and luxury goods on the route

Money economy, coins to buy merchandise, gave wealth and social class to merchants and bankers

Powerful cities, surrounding towns an countryside-independent -usually republic -governed by elected councils -or ruled by rich merchants, guilds, and powerful families

central location, Mediterranean=trade prosper -middle of trade routes -each city-state had their own specialty

people could shape their own lives and achieve great things, they weren’t limited by their birth status

classical art, architecture , government, history, poetry, and language

Church: laws by God that made people follow its teachings without questions like focusing on the afterlife; Humanists: say to focus on your life on Earth and question everything

Santa Maria del Fiore uses the dome ,(Ancient Rome) bridges have arches, and Churches have stain glass windows

LOCATION on the Arno river, banking center, center of trade and commerce (rued by the Medici family)

patrons for artists and thinkers

-do business -study art -learn at schools and libraries -brought new ideas, goods, and technology

ancient ruins

Columns and arch/dome/roofs

citizenship

public buildings for citizens to interact, humanists valued citizenship

8 stone arches lean into each other with iron, wood, and brick hoops wrapped around each arch

1. real people of all classes (self portraits) 2.more realistic, concerned with emotion and perspective

Moorishes

Florence

feudal system

Don Quixote

It was written in Italian instead of Latin

Italian city-states on the East became wealthy

The author of the Divine Comedy, a humanist novel that was the first to be written in a native language, Italian

an architect who studied ancient ruins and math involving constructing buildings, he created a dome for the Santa del Fiore (duomo)

a Florentine states man and historian, served as a diplomat and observed actions of Italian rulers. He wrote The Prince an account of how government and politics really worked

a leading patron of art and scholarship, ruled Florence for about 20 years

-natural -1st freestanding statue since ancient times -showed expression -life sized

-17 ft -marble

-secular -vernacular -individual style-expressed thoughts and feelings about life

Something written in a native language (rather than Latin) so more people could read their work

-questioned old ideas -used scientific methods (made observations and performed experiments) -analyzed results using math and logic

Perspective (more realistic) Oil painting,(easier to paint over, and make new details and textures) anatomy/geometry (divide space)

The Adoration of Magi (1482)

Social commentary-real people as characters
Displayed people’s own thoughts and feelings

Do what is best rather then what is good or moral, they could even lie to help them rule, it doesn’t matter what happens in the beginning as long as the end is good, rulers should be feared rather than loved

humanist ideals about people’s goodness, it separates ideas about government from ideas about religion, it is a very modern work

being bankers and patrons

-controlled many aspects of life -built palaces -sponsored art, writers, and musicians, beautified Florence -watchful of plots against them

government and politics and how rulers could make their states strong

-live your life according to the art of war -master war above all else -be adaptable -your outcome justifies your actions

-woolen cloth -banking

-clean -banking, convert money into florins and get loans -no food or weapons -clothes

-crowded, busy -everyday goods