Given to them in the Treaty of Tordesillas
Also allowed for melting pot.
Examples: St. John the Baptist=Quetzalcoatl, Virgin Mary=Tonantzin, Christ=Huitzilopochtli
Also involves movement of people (African slaves brought over)
Creation of the first global economy.
Europe to Africa (finished products-guns, cloth)
Africa to the Americas (slaves, gold, ivory)
The Americas to Europe (raw materials/natural resources-sugar, timber, tobacco, cotton, rice)
Used in the British army (red coats)
“Macho” means “male” or “manly” in Spanish
Characterized by hyper-feminine behavior.
Related to various culture patterns in Latin America (Virgin of Guadalupe became key symbol of Mexican identity)
Adhere to conservative gender roles (only men can occupy public sphere and women should remain solely in private sphere, main role of women is to be wives/mothers, should stay at home and attend to needs of children/husbands/house)
Luther disagreed with paying indulgences to the Church and said you can only be saved through faith and deeds.
the Council had 25 sessions between December 13, 1545 and December 4, 1563
Redefined doctrines and reaffirmed dogmas, assertion of discipline and education
New artistic demand, purpose of art should speak to the masses and impress
Connects to Baroque Period and the Corpus Christi in Cuzco
Never subjugated by Spanish because they stopped Spanish advance
Independence eventually ended in 1861-63 when Chilean and Argentinean conducted a series of military campaigns against them (Catalina de Erauso sent here)
Creole servant who studies mathematics, astronomy, Aztec history, Toltec writing
Entered Society of Jesuit (Jesuit order) in 1660 but either left or was expelled in 1667 or 1669
companion of Sor Juana
Popularized Virgin of Guadalupe among Creoles
Identified cause of drought/disease ridden wheat harvest as Chiahuitztli
main reason why some nations never develop, means of making a profit depleted
extraction through state and private incentives
Seen as a gift from God
value of it eventually decreased as more was mined
Chinese greatly valued it so it gave the Spanish something to trade with for silks, tea, porcelain, and art
Produces sugar, molasses, and rum
Large machines to produce sugar in the raw form that were powered by humans and oxen
No Spaniard would take this job
American pirates
About half of the Netherlands stayed with the Spanish
Used maritime technology/ knowledge and challenged Spanish dominance in the sea
Dutch pirates/privateers raided Spanish ships
Controlled the Asiento (Spanish slave trade) for a bit
Raided encomiendos and plantations to get supplies
Represented an escape from Spanish society
Very fast/small ships, split the profit up between crew members
Sir Francis Drakes (commissioned by Queen Elizabeth)
Primary target Spanish fleets and Portuguese slave ships
“The Golden Age of Piracy’ was 1680-1730
many pirates were women and were seen as equal
Measured purity of someone’s blood based on how long you’ve been a Christian
Top of the pyramid was all Spaniards
Jews/Moors/Natives still had dirty blood because they were newly converted, still tainted
Ranked Peninsular Spaniards, Criollos, Mestizos, Indians, free blacks and mulattoes, and slaves in that order.
Resulted in migration to cities because there you could transform identities and more opportunity for upward mobility (taken away from Bourbon Reforms)
Creoles are Spaniard who were born in the New World, and while they had Spanish ancestry they had a lower ranking because they were born in the New World
Many revolutions led by Creoles because they resented Peninsulares
women’s rights activist
considered’s Latin America’s first published feminist
Eventually denounced by the Church and forced to stop being an intellectual/take back what she said
Had one of the most extensive libraries of the New World
A Response in Catholic Europe to the Reformation
Art should communicate a religious theme, power of Absolutist King/Queens
Public ritual, architecture, intricacy, formalism, allegory, allusion to authorities, simplicity, emotion, drama
Depicted lives of ordinary people
Baroque painter
Prime Minister from 1621 to 1643
Over-exerted Spain in foreign affairs and unsuccessfully attempted domestic reform.
Wanted to recapture Holland which led to his major involvement in the Thirty Years’ War
Downfall from his attempt to centralize power and increase wartime taxation
End of the Hapsburg Spanish line
Fight between Phillip V (Bourbon) and Archduke Charles (Austrian Hapsburg)
Separation of Spanish and French throne, Bourbon line split
British got the Asiento out of this deal
only held by one country at a time but it changed periodically
Held by Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French, British
Ceded to the British after after the War of Spanish Succession in 1714
Most slaves transported by Brazil
January 3rd, 1750
End border disputes in colonial Latin America
Spain sold its territory to Portugal
Defined much of modern day Brazil
advocated peaceful conversion of Natives through education
Many of the oldest/best schools in L.A. were Jesuit
Allowed for different Spanish colonies to trade with one another directly instead of dealing through Spain as a middleman
Spanish implemented taxes in order to maintain this cut though (basically a Spanish stamp act)
Created intendants and intendancies (new administration) which reversed all the gains the creoles had slowly made into administrative positions
Suppressed the Jesuits, started confiscating Church land, started heavy taxation
New secular government
Loyal exclusively to the king
Represented a removal from Medieval Contractualism
Images created of her and would become the banners used in Mexican Independence
Became a symbol of nationality
Highlights importance of Catholicism in Mexico
Charles 1V abdicates
1808-18010- Juntas and Cabido Abiertos formed Proclamation of Sovereignties
Constitution of 1812 (stays until 1823)
1813-Ferdinand v11 takes throne
a place where men could meet and discuss enlightment ideas and beliefs
linked to the riot of 1692
coffeehouses
Followed the Renaissance
Accompanied by a new focus on empiricism , evidence became important
Effect of Bourbon Reforms which stripped away much of the socio political gains they had made
Responsible for independence movements of late 18th and early 19th century
Inspired for American Revolution
Kicked French and Polish mercenary allies out of Haiti
Haiti was purposefully put in bad economic shape and has been ever since
Significant because first ever successful slave revolt
Descendant of Moctezuma 11
Impressive status in the Spanish system
Integrated into Spanish society to maintain her status as nobility and ease the transition of other Natives to be brought under Spanish control
“de Moctezuma” still a common last name
known for her life of severe asceticism and her care of the needy in the city through her own private efforts
Declared a Saint by the Catholic Church (first person in the Americas)
Created a thriving business in transporting goods through mules
Rare because not many economically successful mulattoes
Crossed racial boundaries, defied typical divisions of the time
Guarani one of the most spoken languages in the Americas, one of the official languages of Paraguay
Been a nearly universal cultural/identity marker of Mestizos
Old (Classical) Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the Tupi people of Brazil
Seen as a gift from God
Crown possessed the soil and required a mining license
Peru became wealthiest American kingdom in the 16th century but by mid 17th century all silver that could be easily extracted was gone
Received slaves to mine
Signaled end of middle ages
People became more skeptical of church (seen by Protestant Reformation)
General shift towards a more secular society and the diversification of art/architecture/culture
Da Vinci, Michelangelo
Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote)
El Greco
Grammatica-1492, one of the first grammar books of vernacular language
At the time of Spain’s Golden Age (flourished in art, literature)
society labeled women that made chocolate as witches
Expertise passed from Native Americans to Spanish women
Pre-Columbian Americas- chocolate associated with “power and rulership”
Commonly used in rituals related to birth, coming-of-age, marriage, and death
In Colonial America it was thought to be the basis of magical potions that cast illness and sexual witchcraft practices
Gender is not biological but how they portray themselves
Lt. Nun was seen naked multiple times but they still viewed her as a man and referred to her as “lad”
Gender socially constructed
When women seen on the street they were thought to be prostitutes because they were supposed to stay in the house and not go out by themselves
“there are women you sleep with and women you marry”
Caciques and their families considered part of the nobility in Mexico
Often held don and dona title
Raised in a wealthy family to become a nun
Nun/entrepreneur
dealt in slaves, gave loans with interest, ran a pastry business in her monastery
Wondered if her activities would send her to Hell on her deathbed
Transvestite in the New World
Exemplifies the construction of gender in colonial Latin American Society
Was a woman based on her genitalia but she performed well as a male and did “masculine” things so no one considered her to be a woman
These actions include joining the military, killing her brother, sexual attraction to women, getting in fights because of her temper
Constantly fell back on the Church because it provided a safe haven
End of her life/conquest she is accepted back into the Church as a nun, lives a celebrity lifestyle
Pope allows her to keep dressing as a man as long as she stops killing people