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    DEATH AND BURIAL THROUGH THE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE

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    CHRISTIAN INFLUENCES
    Dead brought to church for Requiem Mass
    Simplicity and Dignity were important
    Became more elaborate after 1066 AD
    Especially for the wealthy
    CHRISTIAN FUNERALS
    Tolling the bell
    Embalming or anointing
    Wrapping body in fine linen
    Lying in state
    Use of black draperies, torches and candles
    Three day vigil
    CHRISTIAN FUNERALS
    Requiem Mass
    Burial
    Funeral feast
    CHURCH AND CEMETERY
    Became prevalent after Constantine’s “Edict of Toleration” (313 AD)
    Worship and burial became public
    “Concern for sanitation” replaced by “Concern of Sentiment”
    Burial within the city walls
    ATTEMPTS TO END INTRAMURAL BURIAL
    Theodosius in 381
    Justinian in 534
    Pope Gregory the great in 590
    Charlemagne in 742
    * all were ignored.
    PROBLEMS WITH CHURCH BURIALS
    Included “intramural” burial
    In wall, under altars and floors
    Use of incense, myrrh other fumigates
    Eventually
    only clergy and famous people
    Remaining individuals in church cemetery
    PROBLEMS WITH DISEASE
    “Miasma theory”
    Dead infected the air
    Required burial in “clean” church cemetery
    Church cemeteries became overcrowded
    No embalming or coffins
    Use of communal plots
    THE PURGATORIAL DOCTRINE
    The Catholic doctrine of purgatory
    Those souls not perfectly cleansed required ” cleansing” before entering heaven
    Place of temporary punishment
    Led to formation of leagues of prayer
    Steward of the Guild made arrangements
    Church was paid “soul shot” or “mortuary fee”
    THE WAKE
    The vigil (wake) of the dead was originated out the Hebrew practice
    Avoid premature burial
    Act of Piety (reverence)
    Said prayers for the dead
    By 10th century, included riotous and drunken behavior
    “Rousing the ghost”
    THE WAKE
    Primarily to pray for the dead
    Secondarily it served as an opportunity for those present at death to clear themselves of foul play
    Those not present to ensure no foul play had taken place
    FUNERAL FEAST
    Another action of the wake
    Old world for funeral feast is “averil” or “arvel” meaning
    – “Heir ale” or “succession ale”
    Divided the state
    Drank ale with the new heir
    STATE FUNERALS
    Royalty and other dignitaries
    Lasted one week or more
    Used “effigy” or wax death masks
    Replaced decomposing body
    Included “bone burial” (Henry V)
    TOMBS AND MONUMENTS
    Began with use of stone coffins
    Lids formed pavement outside church
    Some with carvings such as a cross for piety or an emblem of occupation
    Effigy of the deceased
    THE PLAGUE
    Bubonic plague or “Black death”
    Great plague of London (1664-65)
    15% of the population died (68,596)
    No funerals
    Cemeteries overloaded (trench graves)
    People feared handling the dead
    Still no cremation (pagan practice)
    SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
    Elaborate funerals became popular
    Burial clubs formed (quarterage)
    “Burial in Woolen Act” (1666)
    Repealed in 1814
    Mourning colors (white,black and purple)
    Widow’s behavior and clothing
    LOCAL CUSTOMS
    Sprinkled dirt on the body or coffin
    Sprig of rosemary
    Buried with feet towards east
    “Sin-eater” (bread and beer)
    PRE-OCCUPATION WITH DEATH
    Physical side of death
    Charnal houses (bones or burial)
    – A house where bones or bodies are deposited
    Executed bodies left hanging
    Death poems and art
    “momento mori” (“Remember that thou wilt die”)
    Death Dances
    EMERGENCE OF THE SEXTON
    Importance of burial in church cemetery
    Seton caretakers of church property
    Ringing the church bell
    Dug Graves
    Eventually responsible for the cemetery
    HEART AND BONE BURIAL
    Heart and other organs
    Martyrs and saints
    “Holy Relic”
    Bones of soldiers killed in battle
    Returned home for burial
    EMBALMING
    Considered Mutilation
    Rarely practice (less than 1%)
    Evisceration
    Spices,drugs and wrappings
    Cerecloth (cered up)
    Very expensive
    SURGEONS AND ANATOMIST
    Shortage of cadavers
    Experimented with embalming
    Evisceration
    Dried and filled with various materials
    Wrapped with cloth

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    DEATH AND BURIAL THROUGH THE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE. (2017, Aug 28). Retrieved from https://artscolumbia.org/death-and-burial-through-the-middle-ages-and-renaissance-11058/

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