ape , multilation, and murder of a dozen young beautiful girls. The man who was mainly responsable for these murders, Ted Bundy, who was later apprehended and executed. During his detention in various penitentiaries,he was mentally probed and probbed by phycologist and phychoanalysts hoping to discover the root of violent actions and sexual frustrations. Many theories arose in attempts to explain the motivational factors behind his muderous escapades. However, the strongest and feasible of these theories came not from the phycologists, but from the man himself, As a teenager,my buddies and I would all sneak around and watch porn. As I grew older,I became more and more intrested and involved in it,(pornography) became an obsession.
I got so involved in it, I wanted to incorporate (porn) into my life, but I couldn’t behave like that and maintain the success I had worked so hard for. I generated an alter-ego to fullfill my fantasies under-cover. Pornography was a means of unlocking the evil I had burried inside of myself (Leidholdt 47). Is it possible that pornography is acting as the key to unlocking the evil in unstable minds?According to Edward Donnerstein,a leading researcher in the pornography feild,The relationship between sexually violent images in the media and subsequent aggression and . .
. callous attitudes towards women is much stronger statistically than the relationship beetween smoking and cancer(Itzin 22). After considering the increase in rape and molestation,sexual harasement,and other sex crimes over the last few decades,and also the corresponding increase of buisness in the pornography needs considerable study and examination. Once the evidence you will encounter in this paper is evaluated and quatified it will be hard not come away with the realization that habitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealistic and unattainable desires in men that leac to violent behavior toward women. In odrer to properly discuss pornography and be able to link it to violence,we must first come to a basic and aggreable understanding of what the word pornography means.
. The term pornography originates from two greek words,porne,which means harlot,and graphein,which means to write. (Webster’s 286). My belief is that the combination of the two words was originally meant to describe,in literature,the sexual escapades of women deemed to be whores.
As times had passed,this definition of pornography has grown to include any and all obscene literature and pictures. At the present date date,the term is basically a blanket which covers all types of material such as explicit literature,phtography,films,and video tapes with varying degrees of sexual content. According to Catherine Itzin a leading reasecher in the pornography feild pornography can be devided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent,but subordinating and dehumanizing;and the sexually explicit,nonviolent,and nonsubordinating that is based upon mutuality. The sexually explicit and violent is graphic,showing penetration and ejaculation.
Also it shows the violent act towards a woman. The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax,but not a violent act. This example shows the woman being dressed in a costume or being talked down to in order to reduce her to something to have sex with,a body opening or an orifice. Not only does erotica show the entire graphic sexual act ,it also depicits an attraction between two people. Her reaserch consistenly shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two,but that the third erotica,is harmless.
(22)These three categories basically exist as tools of discerning content. Although sometimes they overlap without a true disticntion,as in when the film is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence,but shows the act as being a muyual activity between the people participating. In my view,to further divide ponography,it is possible to break it down into simpler categories:soft and hard core pornography. Hard core pornography is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the sexually explicit and non violent,but subordinating and dehumanizing categories,previously dicussed. Soft core pornography is though to be harmless and falls into the category known as Erotica;which is the category based on mutuality.
In Hard core pornography,commonly rated XXX,you can see graphic depiction’s of violent sexual acts usually with a man or a group of men,deriving sexual gratification from the degradation of a woman. You can also see women participating in demorlizing sexual behavior among themselves for the gratification of men. In a Triple-X movie all physical aspects are shown such as extreme close-ups of the genitalia,oral,vaginal and anal penetration,and also ejaculation. Much of the time emphasis is put on the painful and humiliating experience of the woman,for the sole satisfation of the male.
Soft core pornography,or X-rated pornography is less explcit in terms of what is shown and the sexual act is usually put in the light of mutual enjoyment for both the male and female parties(Cameron and Frazer 23). Triple-X pornography is manufactured and sold legally in Canada in the United States. Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer point out that other forms of hard core pornography that have to bekept under wraps,made and sold illegally in underground black markets. These are ultraviolent tapes or videos show the actual torture,rape and sometimes mutilation of a woman. Snuff films go even future to decict the actual death of a victim,and child pornography reveals the use of under-age or pre-pubescent children for the sexual purposes (17-18).
These types of pornography cross over the boundaries of entertainment and are definitely Hard core. Now that pornography has been defined in a fashion mirroring its content,it is now possible to touch upon the more complex ways a community,as a society,views or defines it. Some have said it is impossible for a group of induviduals to form a concrete opinion as to what pornography means. A Supreme Court Judge is quoted as saying I can’t define pornography,but I know it when I see it (Itzin 20). This statement can be heard at community meetings in every in every province,city across the nation. Community standards are hazy due to the fact that when asked what pornography is to them,most individuals cannot express or explain in words what porno is,therefore creating confusion among themselves.
Communities are left somewhat helpless in this matter since the federal court of Canada passed a legislation to keep pornography available to adults. The courts assess that to ban or censor the material would be infringing on the public’s Bill of Rights(Carol 28). Maureen O’Brien quotes critics of a congressionally terminated bill, the Pornography Victim’s Compensation Act, as saying That if it had passed ,it would have had severely chilling effects on the Bill of Rights, allowing victims of sexual crimes to file lawsuits against producers and distributors of any work that was proven to have had caused the attack,such as graphic material in books,magazines,videos films, and records(7). People in a community debating over pornography often have different views as to whether or not it should even be made available period, and some could even argue this point against the types of women used in pornography: A far greater variety of females types are shown as desirable in pornography than mainstream films and networks television have ever recognized:fat women,flat women,hairy women,aggressive women,older women,you name it(Carol 25).
If we could all decide on just exactly what pornography is and what is acceptable,there wouldn’t be so much debate over the issue of censoring it. The bounds of the community standards have been streched by mainstreaming movies, opening the way even further for the legalization of more explcit fare (Jenish 53). In most comtemporary communities explcit sex that is without violent or dehumanizing acts is acceptable in Canada society these days. These community standards have not been around very long.
When movies were first brought out, they were heavily restricted and not protected by the Bill of Rights, because films then were looked upon as only as diversionary entertainement and buisness. Even though sexual images were highly monitored, the movie industry was hit so hard during the Great Depression that film-makers found themselves sneaking in as much sexual content as possible, were then they saw that sex-sells (Clark 1029). Films were highly restricted throughout the 30’s, 40’s and 50’s by the once independent films of the 60’s such as: Bonnie and Clyde and Whose afraid of Virginia Woolfe?(Clark 1029-30),both with explicit language, sexual innuendo,and violence back were torn down in barriers holding sex and violence back were torn in the name of profit. Adult content was put into movies the long ago,we have become more immune and can’t expect itto get any better or to away. Porn is here for good. Pornography is a multi-million dollar international industry,ultimately run by organized crime all over the world, and is produced by respectable mainstream publishing business companies (Itzin 21).
Although the publishing companies are though to be respectable people generally stereotype buyers and users of pornographic material as dirty old men in trenchcoats but most patrons of adult stores are well- educated people with disposable income (Jenish 52). Porno movies provide adults of both genders with activities they normally wouldn’t get in everyday life, such as oral pleasures or different types of fetishes. Ultimately adult entertainement is just a quick-fix for grown-ups, as junk-food would be for small children. Pornography’s main purpose is to serve as masturbatory stmuli for males and to provide a sexual vent. Although in the beginning,society saw it as perverted and sinful,it was still considered relatively harmaless. Today there is one case studie,standing out from the rest,that tends to shatter this illusion.
The study done by Monica D. Weisz and Christopher M. Earls used eighty-seven males. .
. . . that were randomly shown one of four films, by researchers William Tooke and Martin Lalumi?re: Deliverance, Straw Dogs, Die Hard II, and Days of Thunder, for a study on how they would react to questions about sexual violence and offenders after watching.
In the four films there is sexual aggression against a male,sexual aggression against a female, physical aggression or sexual aggression. Out of this study the males were more acceptable of interpersonal violence and rape myths and also more attracted to sexual aggression. These same males were less sympathetic to rape victims and were noted less likely to find a defendant guilty of rape (71). These four above mentioned movies are mainstreamed R-rated films. If amainstream movie can cause this kind of distortion of value and morality, then it should become evident that continuous viewing/use of pornographic films depicting violent sex and aggression could lead vulnerable persons into performing or participating in sexual violence against their partners or against a stranger. Bill Marshall, phychology proffesor at Queen’s University and director of sexual behavior clinic in Kingston, interviewed one-hundred and twenty men,between the years of !980 and 1985,who had molested children or raped women.
In his conclusion he found that pornography appeared to be a significant factor in the chain of events leading up to a deviant act in 25% of these cases (Nichols 60). The results of this study should prove that pornography obviously has a down side to it. According to Mark Nichols, a phychology professor at the University of Michigan, Neil Malamuth, concludes quite cautiously that some messages combined with other factors, including the viewer’s personality type, in pornogarphy can lead to antisocial behavior and make individuals less sensitive to violence. Dr. Marshall also quotes men in Nichols article as saying, that they looked at pornography with the intent to masturbate, but then became aroused, and decided to go out and assault a woman or child. Men who are drawn into pornography and use it frequently, have also been proven to suggest more lenient prison terms for sex offenders (60).
If this previous statement is true,should we reevaluate how many serve on juries for these trials?Itzin gives possible support for these theories. It can be found in the case of an ex-prostitute who had her pubic hair removed with a jackknife and was forced by her pimp to be filmed reenacted what they had seen in pornographic movies; she was sexually assaulted and forced to have sexual intercourse with animals, generally dogs. Another such case is one of a woman who reports having metal clips attached to her breasts, being tied to a chair, and being raped and beaten continously for twelve hours strait. (24-26). The dehumanizing,degradation, and reduction of a woman’s body isin’t just a result of viewed pornography, it is often inseminated into the production of a pornographic project. During the making of Deep Throat, a 1970’s pornographic film, Linda Marchiano (a.
k. a Linda Lovelance), was presented to the public as a liberated woman with an ever present and unfulfilled appetite for sex. But what isin’t known to the public is that during the making of the movie, she was hypnotized to surpress the natural gagging reaction, was tortured when caught trying to escape, and also held at gun-point by her boss, who threatened her with death (Itzin 26). Ms Marchiano did escape and when her story was told,it was repeated by a number of women in the pornography buisness.
According to D’arcy Jenish many children are lured into the pornography industry by choosing first to model. These young teen’s egos are boosted when they are told. (they have good bodies), and are asked if they work out?. More often than not, they are told to take off their shirts, and then asked Do you feel nervous?(36). These youngsters honetly don’t know when too much is too much, and what they don’t know could put them in serious danger.
Calvin Klein, once known for being a reputable clothing designer, is known for his racy ads using teens. Some feel he crossed the ligne when he chose this type of advertising. Jenish observes that these advertisements featured an array of . . .
. . teen-aged models dressed in loose jeans or hiked-up skirts, one showing bare breasts, others offering androgynous models kissing(36). If adults in position of power act this way, these youngsters cannot expect other adults to act any differently.
Therefore they accept this type of behavior as normal. Diana Russell claims that tactics like these are being used more often in advertising and television, which has led the media watchdogs and anti-porn activists to believe that this sort of masked imitation of pornography tricks mainstream television viewers into having an everybody’s doing it attitude about pornography. She also feels that this attitude subconsciously leads them into seeking pornography out (39). We need to show the younger generation that everyone is not doing it, and that it is all right not to have sex if they feel pressured. Another problem anti-pornography activists believe arises from regular viewing of pornography,is the acceptance of rape myths. Rape myth is a term pertaining to people’s views on rape, rapists, and sexual assaults, wherein it is assumed that the victim of a sexual crime is either partially or completely to blame (Allen 6).
To help understand the rape myth a Rape Myth Acceptance Scale was established, which lists some of the rape myth has. They are as follows:1. A woman who goes to the home or apartment of a man on their first date implies that she is willing to have sex. 2.
One reason that women falsely report a rape is that they frequently have a need to call attention to themselves. 3. Any healthy woman can succesfully resist a rapist if she really wants to. 4.
When women go aroud braless. or wearing tight tops and short skirts,they are just asking for trouble. 5. In the majority or rapes, the victim is promiscuous or has a bad reputation.
6. If a girl engages in necking or petting and she lets things get out of hand, it is her own fault if her partner forces sex on her. 7. Women who get raped while hitchhiking get what they deserve.
8. Many women have an unconscious wish to be raped, and may then (subconsciously) set up a situation in which they are likely to be attacked. 9. If a woman gets drunk at a party and has intercourse with a man she’s just met there, she should be considered fair game to the other males at the party who what to have sex with her too,wether she wants to or not. (Burt 217).
Pauline Bart reports that studies held simultaneously at UCLA and St. Xavier College on students, demonstrate that pornography does positively reinforce the rape myth. Men and Women were exposed to over four hours of exotic video(of varying types; i. e soft,hard-core, etc.
) and then asked to answer a set a questions meant to gage their attitudes of sex crimes. All the men were proven to be more accepting to rape myths, and suprisingly, over half the women were also (123). Once again, the women in these films were portrayed as insatiable and in need of constant fulfillment. After so much exposure to women in these light from films and books,it is generally taken for granted that women should emulate this type of behavior in real life (125). Of all the studies and examples from real life situations connecting pornography with violent behavior and sexual aggressiveness, none are more concrete than the activities in the Serbian military are part of everyday now in the Bosnian war.
Part of the ethnic cleansing process the Serbs are practicing in Bosnia involves the gang-raping of all Muslim and Croatian women. Andrea Dworkin states that it is mandatory for the Serbian soldiers to rape the wives and female children of Muslim men. Concentration camps are set up as brothels where women are ordered to satisfy the soldiers in the most painful and dehumanizing ways imaginable. The women these camps are taped with cam-corders and the videos are displayed eveywhere throughout the camps to lower the woman’s will and need to resist. Were do the soldiers get the inspiration to commit these crimes, from commercial pornography. Serbian troops are bascally force-fed porn; it is present all through training and is made a readily available to (even pushed upon) the soldiers.
They are basically asked to watch and learn. After the seed is planted not much is needed to be done, because they are naturally instilled with the desire to repeat what they have seen, and are not concerned with the feelings of the women. They have seen that some women have no feelings and are meant to be used merely for sexual gratification (M2-M6). To add insult to injury, some of the tapes of these women being victimized have entered the black market, being sold internationally, possible infecting the minds of millions.
Pornography has enamored itself as a large part of our modern society. It is seldom dicussed and often hidden as a dirty secret, but porn still seems to play a major part in the shaping of our morals and behaviors. Although some say pornography is relatively harmless, a considerable larger group seem to uphold the assumption the porn works in negative and disruptive ways on those who view it and participate. Nearly all the reaserch supports this assumption, so it is evident the topic is in need of much more examination and debate. Even though the majority of modern society views pornography as objectionable and sometimes obscene, there are some that do not agree with the assumption that pornography is guilty of the defamation of women and their sexual roles.
Social observationalists, Mary White, of the University of Michigan often agrees with her statement on the part women play in pornography which explains that since most pornographic material plays up to male fantasy, women are usually the aggressors, hence women are given a semblance of empowerment. Also, the majority of these women in the material are very attractive, therefore seen as the forms of beauty and desire, something to be respected and worked for. Although White may not realize it, this statement expressed on a television show called (Politicaly Incorect) reinforced most of the arguments made in support of the notion that pornography is subordinating and degrating to women. By saying that being sexually aggressive gives a woman empowerment, she limits a woman’s ability to reach empowerment to sexual activity alone, and by claming that the use of attractive women in pornographic material lends to a view of women being desirable, she inadvertently excludes women that don’t fit society’s mold of the model physical female, (i.
e. overweight,small breasted short etc. . . ).
Most of the arguments similar to White’s follow the same ligne of reasoning, and are easily broken down in the same manners as hers. In regards to pornography perpetuating violent acts towards women, pornography defenders claim that the use of pornographic material can act as a cathartic release, actual lessensing the likelihood of males committing violent acts. The reasoning is that the pornography can substitute for sex and the ‘want’ to commit sexual crimes is acted out vicariously through the pornographic material (Whicclair 327). This argument, however, does not explain the crimes commited by serial killers like Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacey, who regularly viewed pornography during the lengths of their times between murders and rapes (Scully 70). By saying that pornography would reduce harm to women through cathartic effects, pornography defenders display a large lack in reasoning because through their argument the rise in the production of pornography would have led to a decrease in sexual crimes, but as has been shown previously, that simply is not true. Pornographers and pornography defenders proclaim that the link between pornography and violence is exaggerated and that the reaserch linking pornography to sexual crimes is inconclusive.
They state that the fundamentals of sex crimes are found inherrently in the individuals and that the sexual permissiveness of Canadian society cannot be blamed on the increase of pornograhy’s availability (Jacobsen 79). David Adams, a co-fouder and executive director of Emerge, at a Boston cousleling center for male batterers, states, that only a minority of his clients (perhaps 10 to 20percent) use hard-core pornography. He estimates that half may have substance abuse problems, and adds that alcohol seems more directly involved in abuse than pornographic material. (Kaminer 115). The statement made by Adams and the view that pornography does not contribute to the act of sex crimes is heavily outweighed, however, by the various studies connecting violence and pornography Bill Marshall’s observations on his patients and the examples of individual crimes originating from pornography, shows this acclimation to be invalidated. Some are also say attacks on pornography merely reflect the majority of feminist’s disdain for men, cynically stating that people who fear pornography think of all men as potential abusers, whose violent impulses are bound to be sparked by pornography (114).
Reasercher Catherin MacKinnon, says that pornography works as a behavioral conditioner, reinforcer, and stimulus, not as idea or advocacy(114). However, this idea is proven to be false by the use of pornography in and by the Serbian military. This example shows that pornography does advocate sex crimes and that ideas of sexual violence are able to be stemmed from the viewing of pornography. Pornography has become to most just an other one of those cold, nasty facts of life that cannot be stopped, so some choose to ignore it. This attitude has to change.
After reviewing the abuse and subordination delegated to women as an almost indisputable result of the mass infiltration of pornography into modern society, it should be impossible for someone not to want to do something about it. What can be done is for those concerned to try to spread the word and educate others as much as possible to the dangers of this sort of material. If the people knew the roots of some of their more violent behavior, it could be deminished, to protecting the future and health of our communities. From its inception, in most cases, pornography is a media that links sexual gratifications and violence together. This fact can only lead a rational mind to the conclusion that a chain of events will begin, combining sex and violence further in the minds of those who watch pornography and will ensure an unhealthy attitude towards women and their sexual idetities.
Only through discussion and individual action can the perpetuation of the negative impacts of pornography be swept from the closets and dark corners of the household. BibliographyDetailed OutlineIntroduction: Subject: PornographyThesis: What is Pornography ? Kinds of Pornography and Laws that support Pornography in Canada. Main Points:1. How did Pornography begin, People responsible for developpement, Defenition of Pornography. 2. The different kinds of Pornography (soft core, XXX),Laws that support Pornography, Hidden facts about Porno Movie making.
3. The effect of Pornography on Society, Pornography in today’s societyMain point one: Serial killers like Ted Bundy,John Wayne Gacey used Porno as a source of ideas for some of their many slangs(Leidhlotd 47). The effects of Porno on them as adolescents what made these men turn to such violent and heartless acts towards a number of young beatiful women. The origin of the word Pornography according to Webster’s Dictionary Porne wich is from Greek origin means to harlot and graphein which means to write.
The two words combined were originally meant to describe, in literature, the sexual escapades of women toth to be whores. (Webster’s Dictionary p. 286)Main point two: There are many different types and kinds of Pornography two categories mainly known are Soft and Hard Core. Hard Core Porno is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the explicit and non violent. Soft Core Porno is though to be harmless and falls into the category known as Erotica:(Itzin 22) which is the category based on mutuality. In Hard Core Porno, commonly rated XXX, you can see graphic depiction’s of violent sexual acts usually with a man or group of men, deriving sexual gratification from the degradation of a woman.
There is also the Porno films that circulate in the underground Black (Cameron and Frazer p. 23)markets these are Ultraviolent tapes or videos that show the actual torture,rape and sometimes mutilation of a woman. Snuff films go even furthure showing the actual death of a victim, and child pornography reveals the use of under-aged or pre-pubescent children for the sexual purpose. The Bill of Rights resposible of keeping Pono circulating as only available to adults.
(Carol p. 23)During the making of deep throat a Porno film, one main actress was tortured and forcedfed sex, if she refused or tryed to escape she would be whipped and beaten. Main point three: We do not have to do extensive research to find Porno in today’s society,just take for instance the Bosnian war,Part of wich the Serbs call ethnic cleansing process the gang-raping and mutilation of young Muslim and Croatian woman. (Dworkin M2+M6)The Woman are forced to accept these condition. If not, they are emedeatly executed,some of which have new born children will accept these conditions and be executed afterwards.
Porno is here for good and as one can not do absolutely nothing that is why we have to as society work as a team to abolish this form of entertainment from the Canadian household. Conclusion: Pornography links sexual gratification and viloence together. These ideas will only get worse as Society grows and will ensure an unhealthy attitude towards women and their sexual identities. Only the discussion and individual action can the perprtuation of the negative impacts of Porno be swept from the closets and dark corners of the Canadian household.
