follow up questions 1a) When people refer to pathogens, they are talking about bacteria that cause disease. 1b)The toxins actually excreted by the pathogens are the main cause of diseases although thetoxins are only by-products of the pathogen’s metabolism. 2a)In most cases, the toxins excreted by the pathogens find there way into the circulatory system. Thus, sometimes, the infection is caused somewhere else from where the toxins were excreted.
An example of this would be Rheumatic fever. The toxins that caYet another example of where the disease is in a different location then where the toxin was released is Dipheria. The pathogen that causes Diptheria is usually located in the throat. As the toxin is released, it travels all the way to affect limb muscle2b) Examples of where the disease is at the site of the bacteria could be Tetanus and Tuberculosis. The tetanus bacteria releases a deadly toxin which can affect the whole body which causes paralyzation. As it affects the whole body, the disease would mos3a) In our environment, we encounter all sorts of micro-organisms.
Sometimes these air-borne diseases are pathogens and could cause and make one sick. Examples of air-borne pathogens that cause diseases are the ones that cause whooping cough, scarlet feve3b) An example for this kind of transmission would be the kind of pathogens found in feces. Typhoid fever is one of the kinds of diseases that are transmitted through water as these pathogens are found in feces. The feces released would sooner or later fi4a) Besides transmitting disease through everyday drinking water and the air, another way of transmitting diseases are by contact.
Chicken Pox and Small Pox are some of the many diseases that can be caused by contact. 4b) Veneral diseases like gonorrhea and syphilis can also be transmitted by contact. 5a) An example of a disease that can be transmitted if there is a wound would be our very familiar Tetanus. An example of how someone would acwuire tetanus from a wound would be like this:The construction worker moves around a lot and works very hard. Down on the floor is a tetanus infected nail. As the worker is too busy caring for his job, he accidently steps on the nail and gives the tetanus bacteria a chance to get into the body.
The 6a) Immune carriers can be classified as those who have recovered from a certain disease and is immune to it, but still carries the pathogens. The immune carriers show no indecation of a disease with no symptoms, but this carrier can still trnasmit these 6b) One major disease carrier is the Anthropod. They pick up the pathogens in their food, where they walk and other places. As they carry the disease, they move to other places either for food or shelter purposes. When they bite or sting other organisms, 7) The skin is the main protector from pathogens. The first line of defense is the structure of the skin itself.
It is almost impossible for pathogens to pass the skin layer. Those who do would go through the pores in our skin. The second line of defense 8a) Some cells that engulf pathogens are known as phagocytes. This is so because the phagocytes engulf the pathogens through a special process known as phagocytosis. An example of a phagocyte would be blood cells known as leucocytes.
The whole job of thes8b) What many people refer to as Pus is actually the left overs of dead leucocytes and pathogens. 8c) Serious infections cause the swelling of the nymph nodes as there are too many dead leucocytes and pathogens to store for excretion from the body. 9a) Antigens are foriegn proteins to the human body. In turn, these foreign proteins cause a reaction. Usually, the main cause of these foreign proteins would be toxins from pathogens or micro-organisms.
9b) When an antigen enters the body, a certain reaction occurs. When it has been found out that an antigen really is present, it causes the spleen and the lymph nodes to produce a substance known as antibody. This antibody is a specifically desgined aubst9c) An antitoxin is a kind of antibody. This kind of antobody is specifically used to go after toxins release by these pathogens.
Once the antitoxin locates the toxin released by harmful pathogens, the antitoxin would go and destroy it. 10a) The general definition of an immunity is the ability for an organism to confront pathogens that can cause diseases. 10b) Immunity can be acquired by inheriting it. Inherited immunity is with you when you are born and is usually passed down to you by your mother.
Another name for an inherited immunity is “species immunity”. This is sometimes true when the whole species 10c) The definition for acquired immunity is the immunity acquired in time when you recover from diseases and gain an antibody for that perticular disease. Acquired immunity could be with you when you are born. 11a) One of the main difference and the most important difference between active and passive immunity is that passive immunity is where the antibody is directly injected into the host causing immediate effect. Active immunity is where a small dosage of th11b) Naturally acquired active immunity is when you get infected from your environment and in time you recover from it and gain an immunity.
Artificially acquired active immunity is when you get a vacine from a clinic or hospital where you develop your im11c) Natural acquired passive disease can be gained from your mother when you are born. Where the antibody is directly passed onto to you. An artificially acquired passive disease would be when the doctor gives you an injection of an antibody for immediat12a) A vaccine is a way to acquire artificial active immunity. It is usually dead pathogens or weakened pathogens. This dosage would not get you ill be just enough for you body to have reactions and make their own antibodies.12b) A toxoid is a vaccine which consists of weakened toxins instead of the weakened or dead oathogens themselves.12c) A serum is a substance used for artificial passove immunity.13a) Antibiotics are something produced by an organism to prevent or slow down the growth of pathogens.13b) Some commonly used antibiotics would be penicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin, neomycin, and terra mycin.13c) The problem with antibiotics is that too much or over dosage would kill even the bacteria in our stomach and sooner or later, the pathogens would develop a strain which would not be affected by this antibiotic.Human Disease and Their Control
