Cheyenne Tuggle and Kayla SaldanaThe University of Valley ForgePSY 363CheyenneAnorexia Nervosa: What is it? (Webster, 1989)”A serious disorder in eating behavior primarily of young women in their teens and early twenties that is characterized especially by a pathological fear of weight gain leading to faulty eating patterns, malnutrition, and usually excessive weight loss. “People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with activities in their lives. Some people with anorexia binge and purge, similar to individuals who have bulimia nervosa. However, people with anorexia generally struggle with an abnormally low body weight, while individuals with bulimia typically are normal to above normal weight. No matter how weight loss is achieved, the person with anorexia has an intense fear of gaining weight.
Anorexia isn’t really about food. It’s an unhealthy way to try to cope with emotional problems. When you have anorexia, you often equate thinness with self-worth. Onset is pre-teen – early adulthood.
Anorexia Nervosa: What is it? (Ekern, 2017)Two types:Binge/Purge TypeThe individual suffering from this type of eating disorder, will purge when he or she eats. This is typically a result of the overwhelming feelings of guilt a sufferer would experience in relation to eating; they compensate by vomiting, abusing laxatives, or excessively exercising. Restrictive TypeIn this form, the individual will fiercely limit the quantity of food consumed, characteristically ingesting a minimal amount that is well below their body’s caloric needs, effectively slowly starving him or herself. Though two classifications of anorexia nervosa exist, both types exhibit similar symptoms, such as irrational fear of weight gain and abnormal eating patterns. Anorexia: SymptomsThree Types: (Hall-Flavin, 2017)Physical SymptomsThe physical signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa are related to starvation, but the disorder also includes emotional and behavior issues related to an unrealistic perception of body weight and an extremely strong fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. Emotional SymptomsDepression, anxieties.
Behavioral SymptomsBingeing and self-induced vomiting to get rid of the food and may include use of laxatives, enemas, diet aids or herbal products. Anorexia: Physical Symptoms (Hall-Flavin, 2017)Extreme weight lossAbnormal blood countsFatigueInsomniaDizziness/faintingHair lossMenstrual absenceDry/yellow skinLow blood pressureDehydrationAnorexia: Emotional Symptoms (Berger, 2016)Fears gaining weightHas an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even when underweight. Distorted self-imageHas a body image that is very distorted, be very focused on body weight or shape, and refuse to admit the danger of weight loss. DepressionDepression goes hand-in-hand with many mental disorders, even if it was never prominent in someone’s life previous to developing the disorder. WorryingConstant worry about weight and shape.
Hunger denialThey know that they’re starving but convincing themselves that they are not. Flat moodLack of emotion/emotionless. Thoughts of suicideAnorexia: Behavioral Symptoms (Berger, 2016)Limiting food intake/throwing upRefuses to keep normal weightRefuses to keep weight at what is considered normal for their age and height (15% or more below the normal weight). Play with foodCutting food into small pieces or moving them around the plate instead of eating.
Over exerciseExercising all the time, even when the weather is bad, they are hurt, or their schedule is busy. Will not eat in front of othersTake pillsUsing pills to make themselves urinate (water pills, or diuretics), have a bowel movement (enemas and laxatives), or decrease their appetite (diet pills). Lie about eating habitsThey lie about how much food they ate or when the last time was. Social withdrawThey lack the ability to want to be with others or enjoy even a night out. IrritabilityVery irritable towards everyone and anything. Anorexia: Causes (Ekern, 2017)Factors not causesCauses of this disorder are still not exactly known, but there have been many factors that are found to contribute to anorexia.
Environmental Causes:MediaThe effects of the thinness culture in media, that constantly reinforce thin people as ideal stereotypes. Promotional careersProfessions and careers that promote being thin and weight loss, such as ballet and modeling. TraumasFamily and childhood traumas: childhood sexual abuse, severe trauma. Peer pressurePeer pressure among friends and co-workers to be thin or be sexy. Biological Factors:Irregular hormonesTypes of imbalance of hormones.
GeneticsGenetics (the tie between anorexia and one’s genes is still being heavily researched, but we know that genetics is a part of the story). Nutritional DeficienciesAnorexia: Treatment (Berger, 2016)The biggest challenge in treating anorexia nervosa is helping the person recognize that they have an illness. Most people with anorexia deny that they have an eating disorder. They often seek treatment only when their condition is serious.
Set GoalsGoals of treatment are to restore normal body weight and eating habits. A weight-gain of 1 to 3 pounds (lb) or 0. 5 to 1. 5 kilograms (kg) per week is considered a safe goal. Treatment programs:Hospital programsCognitive behavioral therapyGroup therapyFamily therapyMedicines for side effectsDifferent programs have been designed to treat anorexia.
These may include any of the following measures:Increasing social activityReducing the amount of physical activityUsing schedules for eatingA longer hospital stay may be needed if:The person has lost a lot of weight (being below 70% of their ideal body weight for their age and height). For severe and life-threatening malnutrition, the person may need to be fed through a vein or stomach tube. Weight loss continues, even with treatment. Medical complications, such as heart problems, confusion, or low potassium levels develop.
The person has severe depression or thinks about committing suicide. Care providers who are usually involved in these programs include:Nurse practitionersPhysiciansPhysician assistantsDietitiansMental health care providersTreatment is often very difficult. People and their families must work hard. Many therapies may be tried until the disorder is under control. People may drop out of programs if they have unrealistic hopes of being “cured” with therapy alone. Goal of therapy is to change person’s thoughts or behavior to encourage them to eat in a healthier way.
This kind of therapy is more useful for treating younger people who have not had anorexia for a long time. If the person is young, therapy may involve the whole family. The family is seen as a part of the solution, instead of the cause of the eating disorder. Support groups may also be a part of treatment. In support groups, patients and families meet and share what they have been through.
The stress of illness can be eased by joining a support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone. Medicines such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers may help some people when given as part of a complete treatment program. These medicines can help treat depression or anxiety. Although medicines may help, none has been proven to decrease the desire to lose weight. Anorexia: Statistics (Cartwright, 2017)Less than 0.
1% of populationAnorexia is less common in adults over 18 than we think. Women 15-19 yrs. = 0. 9%According to a study from Current Psychiatry Reports, when younger women (15-19 years of age) are included, the lifetime prevalence of anorexia increases to 0.
9 percent of women in the population. Men all ages = 0. 3%0. 3 percent of men exhibit the disorder at some point in their lives, usually later in life than women do. Anorexia tops eating disorder deathsThis results in a total of 1.
2 percent of the population 15 and older that has anorexia at some point in life. This compares to a 1. 6 percent total prevalence for bulimia, and 5. 7 percent prevalence of BED.
Mortality rate decreased since 80’sDespite its lower prevalence, anorexia has historically resulted in more deaths than bulimia or BED. However, the mortality rate from anorexia has been decreasing since the late 1980s; it is assumed that the reason for this is the improvement in medical and psychological treatments since that time. Uncommonly treatedOnly 1 in ten people are treated. Anorexia: Shocking Statistics (Stewart, 2015)42% of 1st-3rd grade girls want to be thinnerInfluenced by media, toys and peers, the age which individuals are being diagnosed with eating disorders is getting younger and younger.
Anorexia Nervosa research is underfunded forIn 2011, eating disorders received only $. 93 per affected individual for research. Other mental illnesses, such as Alzheimer’s averaged $88 per affected individual and Schizophrenia $81 per affected individual. Eating disorder research is extremely underfunded even though it has one of the highest mortality rates of any mental illness. 81% of 10 year olds are afraid of being fatEspecially in the New Year, we are bombarded from every direction to start a new diet, enroll at a gym or by ‘new year, new you’ campaigns.
All of this leads to weight stigma and other heavy consequences. KaylaMary- Kate Olsen (Olsensobsessive, n. d. )Actress ; TwinMary- Kate ; her sister, Ashley, are very well known for their childhood roles in popular TV shows ; movies. Public FigureEver since they were 9 months old, they have constantly been in the public’s eye through their TV shows, movies, and although they aren’t in the spotlight as much these days, they still have influence through their fashion line. Mary- Kate Olsen ; Anorexia (Tauber, 2004)SignsAlthough she tried her best to hide it, everyone, especially her family, could tell that she was struggling with eating.
Two years prior, they began to notice that she looked different and began to develop dark circles under her eyes. (Tauber, 2004)PreventionSome ways that her family tried getting her to eat, was promising to get her a new car if she started to gain weight. They hired someone to monitor her eating habits; sometimes they would take her out of school to eat; people at school would notice that she always had an adult with her whenever she ate. RehabCheyenne’s ReferencesBerger, F.
K. (2016, February 02). Anorexia. Retrieved November 09, 2017. Cartwright, M.
(2017, March). Anorexia Statistics & Facts. Retrieved November 11, 2017. Course, C.
(2014, October 06). Eating and Body Dysmorphic Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #33. Retrieved November 09, 2017. Ekern, J.
(2017, May 01). About Anorexia: Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Articles for Treatment Help. Retrieved November 10, 2017. Garner, D. M. , & Garfinkel, P.
E. (1997). Handbook of treatment for eating disorders. New York: Guilford Press. Hall-Flavin, D. K.
(2017). Anorexia Nervosa. Anorexia. Retrieved November 09, 2017. Stewart, W. (2015, February 04).
Powerful Eating Disorder Statistics. Retrieved November 09, 2017. Webster, M. (1989). The New Merriam-Webster dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc.
Kayla’s ReferencesAbout Mary-Kate and Ashley. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2017. Garner, D.
M. , ; Garfinkel, P. E. (1997). Handbook of treatment for eating disorders.
New York: Guilford Press. Extreme. (2009, December 30). Skinny Celebrities: Mary-Kate Olsen. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
Koenig, K. R. (2008). What every therapist needs to know about treating eating and weight issues. New York: W.
W. Norton. Natenshon, A. (2009). Doing what works: an integrative system for the treatment of eating disorders from diagnosis to recovery. Washington, DC: NASW Press/National Association of Social Workers.
Tauber, M. (2004, July 5). Mary Kate’s Private Battle. Retrieved November 12, 2017. Thompson, J. K.
(2004). Handbook of eating disorders and obesity. Hoboken: J. Wiley & Sons. Reading Report FormTo be eligible for an “A” the following additional requirements must be met:Student must read 200+ pages of professional resource materialGroup outline and class presentation must demonstrate exceptional content, comprehension, and integration of resource materialTo be eligible for a “B” the following additional requirements must be met:Student must read 150-199 pages of professional resource materialGroup outline and class presentation must demonstrate very good content, comprehension, and integration of resource materialTo be eligible for a “C” the following additional requirements must be met:Student must read 125-149 pages of professional resource materialGroup outline and class presentation must demonstrate good content, comprehension, and integration of resource materialFor my class project, I have read __268__ pages of resource material.
_______________________________________________(Signature)This pagemustbe completed and attached to your group outline. Your gradecannotbe calculated without it. Academic Honesty ContractTheMerriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionarydefines plagiarism as stealing or passing off the ideas or words of another as if they were your own without crediting the source. Plagiarism is aseriousoffense that carriesseriousconsequences. In addition to plagiarism, there are other forms of academic dishonesty that a student must avoid.
For example:Falsification or fabrication – misrepresenting facts or research, verbally or in writing, for the purpose of academic gain;Double submissions of written work without the expressed consent of the professor(s);Cheating on tests, papers or projects, including group work on papers or projects when not expressly approved by the professor;Facilitating academic dishonesty – allowing another student to copy from you; giving your work to another student to use as a model, or to submit as his/her own; leaving your computer or work unguarded so that it is easily accessible to another student;Any other intentional behavior designed for unearned academic gain on the part of a student. Paraphrasing: The AUW ModelIdeas that are researched and usedmust beabsorbed,understood, andwritteninthe student’sown words. Simplychanging a few wordsdoesnotmeet the standard for academic honesty. Choosing When to Give CreditNeed to DocumentNo Need to DocumentWhen you are using or referring tosomebody else’s words or ideas froma magazine, book, newspaper, song,TV program, movie, Web page,computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other mediumWhen you are writing your own experiences, your own observations, your own insights, your own thoughts, your own conclusions about a subjectWhen you use information gainedthrough interviewing another personWhen you are using “common knowledge” folklore, common sense observations, shared information within your field of study or cultural groupWhen you copy the exact words or a”unique phrase” from somewhereWhen you are compiling generally accepted factsWhen you reprint any diagrams,illustrations, charts, and picturesWhen you are writing up your own experimental resultsWhen you use ideas that others havegiven you in conversations or overemailWhen is information”Common Knowledge”?You find the same information undocumented in at least five different sourcesYou think it is information your readers will already knowYou think the person could easily find the information with general reference sourcesSome Helpful Websites:Luther Seminary:http://www.
luthersem. edu/training/2-plagiarism. aspVaughan Memorial Library, Acadia University:http://library. acadiau. ca/tutorials/plagiarism/I have read andunderstandthe various forms of academic dishonesty as outlined in this document. In developing my research paper/project, I agree toexercise academic integrity.
__________________________________________________________(Signature)This paper mustbe signed and attached to yourcompleted research project/paper. PSY 363 Group Project ReviewDr. David ScolforoName of team member reviewed: __________________________Scale variance: 1=poor 5=average 10=exceptionalCircle appropriate scoresCooperation with team members12345678910Actively participated in the group project activities12345678910Overall attitude (e.g., while disagreeing wasnotdisagreeable)12345678910Helped the group stay focused12345678910Overall contribution12345678910What letter grade would you give this team member?A+AA-B+BB-C+CC-DFOther comments: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Signature)NOTE:This form must be completed foreveryteam member.Forms may be confidentially submitted.
