You are what you eat, goes a famous saying. And if that is truly the case, then a lot of Americanswould appear to be unhealthy, chemically treated, commercially raised slabs of animal flesh.
And whilethat is not a particularly pleasant thought, it is nonetheless an description of the typical Americanomnivore who survives on the consumption of Big Macs and steak fajitas. But there are individuals who do not follow this American norm and have altered their diets so that theydo not consume any meat. These people are vegetarians, and they are the new breed of healthyAmericans who refuse to poison themselves with fats, cholesterol, and the other harmful additives thatcome from meat. And while once thought to be a movement that would never gain much momentum, ithas nonetheless moved itself to the forefront of Americans healthy diets. The word vegetarian, used to describe the diets of people who do not consume animal flesh, was notused until around the mid-1800s.
The concept of vegetarianism, however, dates back much further. The Greek philosopher Pythagoras, considered by many to be the father of vegetarianism, encourageda non-meat diet among his followers as a diet that was the most natural and healthful (Messina 3). A vegetarian diet excludes the consumption of meat, and can be exercised by people for a number ofreasons. The largest majority of individuals chose vegetarianism for health related reasons. Forexample, someone with an ulcer might be prescribed a strict diet of vegetables in order to promote thehealing process. Or someone with a dangerously high level of cholesterol might be advised to follow avegetarian diet to lower his or her fat and cholesterol intake.
The immorality of consuming animal flesh is another argument touted by a smaller group of vegetarians. R. G. Frey describes this moral argument for vegetarianism and the effect that meat eating might have onthe character of humans:Some people have come to believe and fear that, in the suffering and killing which occurs in commercialfarming, we demean ourselves, coarsen our sensitivities, dull our feelings of sympathy with our fellowcreatures, and so begin the descent down the slippery slope of torture and death, to a point where itbecomes easier for us to contemplate and carry out the torture and killing of human beings.
(20)This moral argument for vegetarianism is also noted by John Robbins who states that the sufferingthese animals undergo has become so extreme that to partake of food from these creatures is topartake unknowingly of the abject misery that has been their lives(14). But whatever the reasons behind a persons choice to be a vegetarian, it is important to understand thedifferent diets that individual vegetarians can choose. In the widest sense of the word, a vegetarian dietis a diet that is made up of grains, vegetables and fruit, but does not include any animal flesh, such asfish, pork, poultry, or beef. But beyond these standards, there are many variations of diet that occurwithin the world of vegetarianism. The first, and most prominent, category of vegetarianism is a lacto-ovo vegetarian.
Mark Messinadescribes a lact-ovo diet as . . . a vegetarian diet (that) includes dairy products and eggs but no animalflesh(7).
This means that there is consumption of animal byproducts, such as milk, eggs, or honey, butthere is no consumption of animal flesh. Another variation is the lacto-vegetarian diet that allows theconsumption of milk and other milk products, but does not include the consumption of eggs. And likeall vegetarians, these two groups do not consume fish, poultry, or meat (Messina 7). Another category that vegetarians can fall into are vegans.
The vegan diet is by far the most strict of allthe vegetarian diets. According to Mark Messina, Vegans avoid meat, fish, poultry, dairy, and eggs. There are many other foods that may not be acceptable to many vegans, however. Foods that involveanimal processing to any degree are often avoided(11).
This means that vegans can consume nofoods containing animal byproducts, such as milk, eggs, or honey. Being a vegan often dictates ananimal friendly lifestyle that, aside from not eating anything that came from an animal, also abstainsfrom buying or using products that were tested on animals or are made from animal hairs or skin, suchas leather shoes or belts (Messina 11).A common misconception of vegetarians is that they are all a
