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    5 Steps of primary succession, from bare rock to forests

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    Bare rock, no organisms – Glacier leaves behind bare rock; Volcano produces
    bare rock with no organisms.
    Step One
    Pioneer species begins breaking down rock. Pioneer species: 1st organism to live in an area. Pioneer species, usually lichens, grows on rock. Lichens secrete acids that begin breaking rock into small particles, which mix with lichen remains to begin making soil.
    Step Two
    More complex plants, usually mosses, begin growing when soil is deep enough, after many years; eventually replace (succeed) lichens.
    Tiny organisms such as insects move in, add their remains to soil.
    Step Three
    Larger, more complex plants: As soil gets thicker ferns succeed mosses.
    Grasses and wildflowers may succeed ferns.
    When enough soil has developed, shrubs and small trees move into the area.
    Step Four
    Forests: Soil may be deep enough after hundreds or thousands of years for
    pine or hardwood forests.
    Step Five

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    5 Steps of primary succession, from bare rock to forests. (2018, Oct 20). Retrieved from https://artscolumbia.org/5-steps-of-primary-succession-from-bare-rock-to-forests-29331-61239/

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